Dormition Fast

Dormition Fast in the Orthodox Church

The Dormition Fast is a fourteen-day Orthodox fasting period observed from:

August 1 through August 14.

It prepares Orthodox Christians for the Great Feast of the:

Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos on August 15.

The fast is also sometimes called:

• Theotokos Fast
• Fast of the Dormition
• Fast of the Mother of God
• August Fast

Although it is much shorter than Great Lent, the Dormition Fast traditionally has a:

serious and disciplined fasting character.

Its central spiritual movement is:

Prayer → Fasting → Repentance → Theotokos → Dormition → Christ → Hope in Resurrection.

Dormition Fast at a Glance

What Is the Dormition Fast?

The Dormition Fast is a period of spiritual preparation before the Church celebrates:

the falling asleep of the Mother of God.

What Does “Dormition” Mean?

The word Dormition means:

falling asleep.

Why Does Christianity Use the Language of Sleep for Death?

Because Christian faith sees bodily death in light of:

the Resurrection.

Does “Falling Asleep” Mean Mary Did Not Really Die?

No.

Orthodox tradition confesses the real death of the Theotokos while also proclaiming:

her participation in the life of her risen Son.

When Is the Dormition Fast?

The fasting period begins every year on:

August 1.

It continues through:

August 14.

The following day, August 15, the Church celebrates:

the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos.

Is the Dormition Fast Movable?

No.

Why Not?

Unlike Great Lent and the Apostles’ Fast, the Dormition Fast is connected with a:

fixed feast.

Does It Change Length?

No.

It remains:

fourteen days.

Why Do Orthodox Christians Fast Before the Dormition?

Orthodox fasting is a way of preparing the whole person for:

a feast.

What Is Being Prepared?

Not only the body.

The fast calls Christians to prepare:

• The heart
• The mind
• The habits
• The prayer life
• The relationship with other people

What Is the Goal?

To approach the Dormition with:

attention, repentance, gratitude, and hope.

Is the Dormition Fast About Mary Instead of Jesus?

No.

Who Is the Savior?

Jesus Christ.

Why Then Is There a Fast Connected With the Theotokos?

Because the Church honors the Mother of Christ and contemplates:

what God accomplished in her life.

Where Does Her Story Lead?

Always toward:

Christ.

What Does the Fast Ultimately Proclaim?

That death is confronted through:

the death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Theotokos and Christ During the Dormition Fast

The Theotokos is never understood as an independent source of salvation.

Who Saves Mary?

Christ.

Who Saves All Humanity?

Christ.

Then Why Is Mary Honored?

Because she becomes:

• Mother of the Incarnate Son
• Model of faith
• Model of obedience
• Intercessor for the Church

Is the Dormition Fast One of the Four Major Orthodox Fasts?

Yes.

What Are the Four Main Fasting Seasons?

• Great Lent and Holy Week
• Apostles’ Fast
• Dormition Fast
• Nativity Fast

Which Is the Shortest Fixed-Length Fast?

The Dormition Fast lasts only:

two weeks.

Does Short Mean Easy?

No.

Traditional fasting discipline during these fourteen days is relatively:

strict.

How Strict Is the Dormition Fast?

Traditional Orthodox fasting practice normally excludes:

• Meat
• Dairy products
• Eggs
• Fish on ordinary fasting days
• Wine and oil on stricter weekdays

Is This the Same Everywhere?

No.

Why Not?

Actual fasting practice can vary according to:

• Jurisdiction
• Typikon
• Local parish practice
• Pastoral guidance
• Personal circumstances

Traditional Dormition Fast Food Rules

Can Orthodox Christians Eat Fish During the Dormition Fast?

Normally, fish is not part of the ordinary fasting diet during the Dormition Fast.

Is There an Important Exception?

Yes.

Which Feast?

The Transfiguration of the Lord on August 6.

What Is Traditionally Allowed?

In many Orthodox traditions:

• Fish
• Wine
• Oil

Does This Mean the Fast Is Canceled?

No.

It is a:

festal relaxation within the fast.

The Transfiguration During the Dormition Fast

One of the Twelve Great Feasts occurs directly inside the Dormition Fast:

Transfiguration of the Lord — August 6.

What Happened at the Transfiguration?

Jesus revealed His divine glory before:

• Peter
• James
• John

Where?

On:

the mountain traditionally identified with Mount Tabor.

Why Is This Important During the Dormition Fast?

The feast fills the fast with the theme of:

divine glory.

What Is the deeper connection?

Transfiguration → Divine Glory → Dormition → Life Beyond Death.

Why Are Grapes Blessed at Transfiguration?

In many Orthodox traditions, grapes or other first fruits are blessed on:

August 6.

Why Grapes?

They represent:

• The harvest
• Thanksgiving
• First fruits
• God’s gifts to creation

Is This the Main Meaning of Transfiguration?

No.

The central meaning remains:

the revelation of Christ’s divine glory.

What Happens on August 1?

The Dormition Fast begins on:

August 1.

What Other Orthodox Commemoration Occurs That Day?

The Byzantine calendar also commemorates:

the Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross.

Why Is This Significant?

The fast begins under the sign of:

the Cross of Christ.

What Does This Create Spiritually?

Cross → Fasting → Transfiguration → Dormition → Resurrection Hope.

What Is Paraklesis?

Paraklesis is a service of supplication and prayer, especially associated with:

the Most Holy Theotokos.

What Does the Word Mean?

It carries the sense of:

• Supplication
• Consolation
• Encouragement
• Intercession

When Is Paraklesis Commonly Served?

Many Orthodox parishes celebrate it frequently during:

the Dormition Fast.

Why Is Paraklesis So Important During the Dormition Fast?

The service brings the theological meaning of the fast into:

personal prayer.

What Do Christians Pray About?

They may bring before God:

• Illness
• Fear
• Family problems
• Grief
• Temptation
• Uncertainty

Who Is Asked to Intercede?

The Theotokos.

Does She Replace Christ?

No.

To Whom Does Orthodox prayer ultimately lead?

God.

Small Paraklesis and Great Paraklesis

Orthodox tradition includes two well-known supplicatory canons to the Theotokos.

What Are They Called?

• Small Paraklesis
• Great Paraklesis

Are They Both Used Everywhere in Exactly the Same Pattern?

No.

Why?

Local liturgical practice differs among Orthodox Churches and parishes.

What Is Common?

The Dormition Fast becomes a special season of:

prayer to Christ with the intercession of His Mother.

Is Paraklesis the Same as Divine Liturgy?

No.

What Is Divine Liturgy?

The Eucharistic worship of the Church.

What Is Paraklesis?

A:

supplicatory prayer service.

Is Communion Distributed at Paraklesis?

Not simply because Paraklesis itself is being served.

Can Both Be Part of Church Life During the Fast?

Yes.

Fasting Is More Than Food

Orthodox fasting is not simply:

a religious diet.

What Should Accompany Food Fasting?

• Prayer
• Repentance
• Almsgiving
• Forgiveness
• Self-control
• Attention to others

What Happens if Food Restrictions Produce Pride?

The spiritual purpose of the fast is being:

missed.

Prayer During the Dormition Fast

The fast is a good time to strengthen:

daily prayer.

What Can a Simple Prayer Rule Include?

• Morning prayers
• Evening prayers
• Jesus Prayer
• Psalm reading
• Gospel reading
• Prayer to the Theotokos

Should Christians Suddenly Create an Impossible Prayer Rule?

No.

What Is Better?

A realistic rule practiced faithfully.

Almsgiving During the Dormition Fast

Fasting traditionally includes care for:

other people.

Why?

Self-denial should create greater space for:

• Mercy
• Generosity
• Compassion

What Can Families Do?

They might:

• Donate food
• Help someone with a bill
• Support a parish charity
• Visit someone lonely
• Give time instead of money

Repentance During the Dormition Fast

The purpose of fasting includes recognizing:

our own spiritual condition.

What Does Repentance Mean?

More than guilt.

It means:

turning back toward God.

What Can This Include?

• Confession
• Reconciliation
• Breaking harmful habits
• Returning to prayer

Does Everyone Have to Follow the Strictest Monastic Rule?

No.

Why Not?

Orthodox fasting has always been practiced within:

pastoral guidance.

Who May Need Modified Fasting?

Examples can include:

• Children
• Older adults
• Pregnant women
• Nursing mothers
• People with medical conditions
• People taking medications
• People with demanding physical work

What Is the Best Approach?

Discuss the fasting rule with:

a priest or spiritual father.

Is Breaking a Fast Because of Health a Sin?

Orthodox fasting is not intended to:

damage health.

What Comes First?

Spiritual obedience and responsible care for:

the person God has created.

Should Someone Ignore Medical Requirements to Keep a Food Rule?

No.

What Can Be Adjusted?

The form of fasting can be adapted pastorally while preserving:

the spirit of prayer and self-discipline.

Dormition Fast and Great Lent

Is the Dormition Fast “Mary’s Lent”?

Some people use informal expressions that compare it with:

Great Lent.

Is It Actually Another Great Lent?

No.

What Is More Accurate?

It is a distinct fasting season with its own:

• Calendar
• Services
• Feasts
• Spiritual emphasis

Dormition Fast vs Nativity Fast

Dormition Fast vs Apostles’ Fast

Why Is the Dormition Fast So Short?

Orthodox fasting seasons do not all need to be the same length.

Is Fourteen Days Enough for Serious Preparation?

Yes.

What Can Make It Spiritually Intense?

• Strict fasting
• Frequent Paraklesis
• Transfiguration
• Focused devotion to the Theotokos
• Preparation for the Dormition

Why Fast in August?

The Dormition Fast falls in the middle of summer for the Northern Hemisphere.

Can That Make It Easy to Forget?

Yes.

Why?

Summer is often associated with:

• Vacation
• Travel
• Parties
• Outdoor meals
• Relaxed schedules

What Does the Fast Do?

It interrupts ordinary summer routine with:

prayer and spiritual attention.

What Does the Dormition Teach About Death?

The feast toward which the fast moves is directly connected with:

death.

Is the Orthodox Response Simply Fear?

No.

Does Christianity Pretend Death Is Not Serious?

No.

What Does It Proclaim?

Death is real, but it is no longer:

the final word.

Why?

Because Christ:

rose from the dead.

Dormition and Resurrection

The Dormition is deeply Paschal in meaning.

Why?

The Church looks at the death of the Theotokos through:

Christ’s Resurrection.

What Hope Does This Give Christians?

That those who belong to Christ are called toward:

eternal life.

What Is the spiritual sequence?

Death → Christ → Resurrection → Life.

Does Orthodoxy Teach the Assumption?

The language surrounding Mary’s end differs between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions.

What Term Does Orthodoxy Normally Use?

Dormition.

Does Orthodoxy Believe Mary Truly Died?

Yes, in the traditional Orthodox understanding.

Does the Church Also Proclaim Her Glorification?

Yes.

Should the Orthodox Feast Simply Be Treated as Identical to Every Roman Catholic Formulation of the Assumption?

No.

Why?

The two traditions use different:

• Terminology
• Dogmatic history
• Theological formulations

Does the Dormition Fast Worship Mary?

No.

Who Receives Worship?

God alone.

What Does the Theotokos Receive?

Veneration and honor.

Why?

Because she is:

the Mother of Jesus Christ.

What Should Marian Devotion Do?

Lead Christians toward:

Christ.

Why Ask the Theotokos to Pray for Us?

Orthodox Christians understand the saints as alive in:

Christ.

What Is Intercession?

Prayer offered on behalf of:

another person.

Does Mary Replace Christ as Mediator of Salvation?

No.

What Does She Do?

She prays as a member of the glorified Church before:

her Son.

Why Is the Theotokos Especially Important During This Fast?

Her life embodies many of the virtues the fast asks Christians to practice.

Faith

She trusted:

God.

Humility

She accepted a vocation that did not lead to worldly:

status or comfort.

Prayer

She is remembered as a woman of:

deep prayer.

Obedience

She responds to God with:

faithful freedom.

The Dormition Fast and Family Life

Families can observe the fast without making it unnecessarily complicated.

What Is Most Important?

Creating a small but consistent rhythm of:

• Prayer
• Simpler meals
• Church attendance
• Acts of kindness

Should Children Follow an Adult Monastic Fasting Rule?

Not automatically.

What Can Children Learn?

They can practice age-appropriate forms of:

• Self-control
• Prayer
• Giving
• Gratitude

How Can I Explain the Dormition Fast to a Child?

You can say:

“For two weeks before the feast of the Mother of God, Orthodox Christians eat more simply, pray more, and try to be kinder so that our hearts are ready for the feast.”

How Can I Explain Dormition?

You can say:

“Dormition means falling asleep. The Church remembers the death of Mary, but also that Jesus gives eternal life.”

A Simple Family Dormition Fast Practice

Choose One Simple Food Discipline

Keep meals simpler and avoid turning fasting food into:

luxury food in another form.

Pray Together

Even five minutes each evening can be useful.

Attend Paraklesis

If your parish offers it, bring children at least once.

Celebrate Transfiguration

Attend church on August 6 if possible.

Give Something Away

Choose a person or organization to help.

Prepare for Dormition

Read about the feast before:

August 15.

Dormition Fast and the Home Prayer Corner

The fasting season naturally connects with icons of:

• Theotokos and Christ Child
• Dormition of the Theotokos
• Transfiguration of Christ
• Christ Pantocrator

What Is the Visual Sequence?

Christ → Theotokos → Prayer → Dormition → Christ Receiving His Mother.

What Icon Is Best During the Dormition Fast?

Several icons are especially appropriate.

Dormition Icon

Helps prepare directly for:

August 15.

Theotokos and Christ Child

Emphasizes the relationship between:

Mary and Christ.

Transfiguration Icon

Becomes especially important around:

August 6.

The Dormition Icon Explained Briefly

The traditional Dormition icon usually shows:

• The Theotokos lying in repose
• The Apostles gathered around her
• Christ standing behind her
• Christ holding a small luminous figure representing her soul
• Angels and heavenly glory

Who Is the Visual Center?

Christ.

Why?

Because the feast ultimately proclaims:

His victory over death.

Does the Dormition Icon Show Mary Saving Herself?

No.

Who Receives Her?

Christ.

What Does This Show?

Mary herself depends on:

the salvation given by her Son.

Dormition Fast in 2027

In 2027, the Dormition Fast begins on:

Sunday, August 1, 2027.

When Is Transfiguration?

Friday, August 6, 2027.

When Is the Last Day of the Fast?

Saturday, August 14, 2027.

When Is Dormition?

Sunday, August 15, 2027.

Dormition Fast Calendar 2027

What About Old Calendar Orthodox Christians?

The ecclesiastical dates remain:

August 1–14.

Why Do Some Orthodox Christians Begin the Fast on Civil August 14?

Because some Orthodox Churches continue to use the:

Julian calendar

for fixed feasts.

What Does Julian August 1 Correspond to Today?

August 14

on the Gregorian civil calendar.

What Does Julian August 15 Correspond to?

August 28.

What Are the 2027 Civil Dates?

For communities keeping the Julian calendar for fixed feasts:

Dormition Fast — August 14–27, 2027.

Dormition — August 28, 2027.

Are These Different Fasts?

No.

What Is Different?

The calendar system used to express:

the same ecclesiastical dates.

August 1 or August 14?

August 15 or August 28?

The ecclesiastical Feast of Dormition is:

August 15.

Why Does August 28 Appear?

Because Julian August 15 presently corresponds to:

Gregorian August 28.

Are These Two Different Dormition Feasts?

No.

Does the Dormition Fast End at Midnight?

Orthodox liturgical life is organized around:

the Church’s cycle of services.

What Happens on August 15?

The fasting season has given way to:

the feast.

Should Someone Treat the Exact Minute of Midnight as the main spiritual concern?

No.

What Is More Important?

Participating in the Church’s:

liturgical rhythm and pastoral practice.

Can I Start the Dormition Fast Late?

If someone realizes several days into August that the fast has begun, the best response is not:

“I already failed, so there is no point.”

What Can They Do?

Begin:

now.

Why?

Orthodox fasting is about:

returning to God, not achieving a perfect score.

What If I Break the Fast?

One mistake does not mean the entire fasting season is ruined.

What Should a Christian Avoid?

Two extremes:

• Ignoring the fast completely
• Despairing because of one failure

What Is the healthier response?

Begin again.

Is Vegan Food Automatically Orthodox Fasting?

No.

Why Not?

A person can eat technically fasting food while still practicing:

• Gluttony
• Luxury
• Pride
• Anger

What Is the goal?

Self-control and spiritual attention.

Can Fasting Food Be Delicious?

Yes.

Does Orthodox Fasting Require Bad Food?

No.

What Is the danger?

Turning the fast into an elaborate search for expensive substitutes that preserve every ordinary pleasure without any:

self-restraint.

Does the Fast Require Giving Up Social Life?

No.

Can Christians Still Spend Time With Family and Friends?

Yes.

What Might Change?

The spirit of the period encourages:

• Moderation
• Prayer
• Less excess
• Greater attention to others

Dormition Fast and Travel

August is a common travel month.

Does Travel Automatically Cancel the Fast?

No.

Can Practice Need Adjustment?

Yes.

What Is a sensible approach?

Maintain the fast as realistically as possible without creating:

unnecessary conflict, danger, or pride.

Who Can Help With Difficult Situations?

Your priest.

What Is the Spiritual Theme of the Dormition Fast?

Several themes come together.

Preparation

The heart prepares for:

the Dormition.

Mortality

The Church remembers that every human person must face:

death.

Hope

Death is viewed through:

Christ’s Resurrection.

Prayer

Paraklesis makes supplication especially prominent.

Self-Control

Fasting trains:

freedom from domination by appetite.

Common Misconceptions About the Dormition Fast

Myth: The Dormition Fast is only for monks.

No.

It belongs to the wider fasting life of the Orthodox Church, while individual practice may be adapted pastorally.

Myth: The Dormition Fast lasts forty days.

No.

It lasts:

fourteen days.

Myth: It begins August 15.

No.

It begins:

August 1.

Myth: It ends August 15.

The fasting days are:

August 1–14.

August 15 is the feast.

Myth: The Dormition Fast moves every year.

No.

It is fixed.

Myth: Orthodox Christians may never eat fish during the fast.

No.

Transfiguration on August 6 traditionally provides a fish relaxation in many Orthodox practices.

Myth: Fasting means only avoiding meat.

No.

Myth: The strictest fasting rule must be followed identically by every person.

No.

Myth: Someone with medical needs should ignore them to keep the fast.

No.

Myth: Fasting is a way to lose weight.

Weight loss is not the spiritual purpose of Orthodox fasting.

Myth: If you accidentally break the fast once, the entire fast is ruined.

No.

Myth: Dormition means Mary never died.

No.

Myth: Orthodox Christians fast because Mary saves them.

No.

Jesus Christ is the Savior.

Myth: The Dormition Fast is worship of Mary.

No.

Myth: Paraklesis is the same as Divine Liturgy.

No.

Myth: August 28 is a separate Dormition.

No.

It is the present Gregorian equivalent of Julian August 15.

Myth: August 14 is a different Dormition Fast.

No.

It is the civil beginning date for communities keeping ecclesiastical August 1 on the Julian calendar.

Dormition Fast Terms to Know

Dormition Fast FAQ

When does the Dormition Fast begin?

August 1.

When does it end?

August 14.

How long is the Dormition Fast?

Fourteen days.

What feast comes after the fast?

Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos on August 15.

Is the Dormition Fast one of the four major Orthodox fasts?

Yes.

Is it stricter than the Nativity Fast?

Traditional fasting discipline is generally stricter than much of the Nativity Fast.

Can you eat meat during the Dormition Fast?

Traditionally, no.

Can you eat dairy?

Traditionally, no.

Can you eat eggs?

Traditionally, no.

Can you eat fish?

Fish is generally avoided on ordinary days, with a major traditional exception for the Transfiguration on August 6.

Can you eat fish on Transfiguration?

Yes, in many Orthodox fasting traditions.

Can you drink wine?

Traditional rules allow wine on certain days, especially weekends and feast-day relaxations.

Can you use olive oil?

Traditional rules allow oil on certain days, especially weekends and feast-day relaxations.

What is Paraklesis?

A supplicatory prayer service, especially offered to Christ with the intercession of the Theotokos.

Why is Paraklesis served during the Dormition Fast?

It gives the fasting period a strong rhythm of prayer, supplication, and Marian intercession.

Is Dormition the same as death?

Dormition means “falling asleep” and refers to the repose of the Theotokos, understood in the light of Christ’s Resurrection.

Did the Theotokos really die?

Traditional Orthodox teaching says yes.

Do Orthodox Christians worship Mary during this fast?

No.

They venerate her. Worship belongs to God alone.

Is the fast about Mary instead of Jesus?

No.

The life and Dormition of the Theotokos are understood entirely in relation to Jesus Christ.

What happens on August 6?

The Transfiguration of the Lord.

What happens on August 1?

The Dormition Fast begins, and the Orthodox calendar also commemorates the Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross.

Do children have to keep the full fasting rule?

Fasting for children should be age-appropriate and guided pastorally.

What if I have a medical condition?

Food fasting can be modified appropriately with pastoral and medical guidance.

What if I break the fast?

Begin again rather than abandoning the entire fast.

When is the Dormition Fast in 2027?

August 1–14, 2027.

When is Transfiguration in 2027?

Friday, August 6, 2027.

When is Dormition in 2027?

Sunday, August 15, 2027.

When do Old Calendar communities observe it civilly in 2027?

The fast corresponds to:

August 14–27, 2027

with Dormition on:

August 28, 2027.

What is the simplest meaning of the Dormition Fast?

The Dormition Fast is a two-week period of prayer, fasting, repentance, and preparation before the feast of the Mother of God’s Dormition. Through the Theotokos, the Church points ultimately toward Christ and the hope that death is not the end for those who belong to Him.

Dormition Fast: The Short Answer

The Dormition Fast is one of the principal fasting seasons of the Orthodox Church.

It begins every year on:

August 1.

It ends on:

August 14.

The following day, August 15, Orthodox Christians celebrate:

the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos.

The fast lasts:

fourteen days.

Traditional fasting normally means abstaining from:

• Meat
• Dairy
• Eggs
• Fish on most days

Traditional practice also limits wine and oil on stricter weekdays.

A major exception occurs on:

August 6 — Transfiguration of the Lord.

In many Orthodox traditions, fish, wine, and oil are permitted for the feast.

The Dormition Fast is also strongly associated with:

Paraklesis services to the Theotokos.

Fasting is not simply about food.

It should be joined with:

• Prayer
• Repentance
• Almsgiving
• Forgiveness
• Self-control

The fast does not teach that Mary replaces:

Jesus Christ.

Christ alone is:

the Savior.

The Theotokos is honored because she is His Mother and because her life reveals:

faith, humility, obedience, prayer, and hope.

The Dormition itself confronts Christians with:

death.

But it views death through:

Christ’s Resurrection.

That is why the spiritual movement of the fast is:

Fasting → Prayer → Dormition → Christ → Resurrection Hope.

In 2027:

Dormition Fast begins — Sunday, August 1.

Transfiguration — Friday, August 6.

Last day of the fast — Saturday, August 14.

Dormition — Sunday, August 15.

For Orthodox communities using the Julian calendar for fixed feasts, the same ecclesiastical dates correspond in 2027 to:

Dormition Fast — August 14–27.

Dormition — August 28.

The deepest meaning of the Dormition Fast is:

“For two weeks the Orthodox Church simplifies food, intensifies prayer, turns toward repentance, and asks the intercession of the Mother of God. The fast does not end with Mary as its final destination. It leads through her Dormition to her Son, Jesus Christ, whose Resurrection reveals that death is not the final word for humanity.”

Explore the Dormition Fast at Mercy Fold

Continue through Mercy Fold’s Theotokos, fasting, and Orthodox calendar guides:

• Dormition of the Theotokos
• Dormition Icon Explained
• What Does Dormition Mean?
• Paraklesis to the Theotokos
• Small Paraklesis vs Great Paraklesis
• Transfiguration of the Lord
• Why Are Grapes Blessed at Transfiguration?
• Procession of the Life-Giving Cross
• Who Is the Theotokos?
• Why Do Orthodox Christians Ask Mary to Pray for Them?
• Do Orthodox Christians Worship Mary?
• Orthodox Fasting Rules Explained
• The Four Major Orthodox Fasts
• Great Lent
• Apostles’ Fast
• Nativity Fast
• Orthodox Calendar

Use this guide as the central Mercy Fold page for the Dormition Fast, then continue into Paraklesis, Transfiguration, the Dormition icon, Orthodox fasting rules, and the Church’s understanding of death and resurrection.